Immune Evasion Strategies of Pre-Erythrocytic Malaria Parasites

Figure 1

Sporozoites suppress the function of KCs. The binding of sporozoite CSP to proteoglycans and LRP-1 upregulates cAMP/EPAC and prevents the formation of ROS (left). Exposure to sporozoites downregulates the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 and upregulates the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 after stimulation with IFN-γ or LPS (middle). Sporozoite infection also downregulates MHC I and IL-12p40 and induces apoptosis in KCs (right).