Higher secretion rate and numbers of responding glands [122]; fluid hypersecretion of airway mucosa [123]; suppression of Cx26 production in human NEC [124]; IL-6 and IL-8 production in NECs [125]; tachykinin-mediated neurogenic inflammation [126];
Asthma
PAR-1
Bronchial inflammation is worsened [118]; expression of TGF-1 to promote airway remodeling [119]; susceptible to AHR [120]
PAR-2
Contractions of human airways [128]; bronchial SMC proliferation and migration [129]; increased anion secretion [130]; eosinophil infiltration, AHR, IgE levels to OVA sensitization [131] influx of eosinophils in BALF, protein leak in the bronchoalveolar space, increase BALF levels of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a [132]; increase IL-6 expression and induce the proliferation of asthmatic bronchial SMC [134]; augment TNF--induced MMP-9 expression [135]; generate Ca(2+) in HAECs [136, 138]; AHR, Th2, and Th17 cytokine release, serum IgE levels, and cellular infiltration [137]; CCL20 and GM-CSF production, increase recruitment and/or differentiation of mDC populations [139]; beta-adrenergic desensitization [140]; increase chemotactic activity for the HMC-1 mast cell line [141]; exaggerate cough [142]; chitinase-mediated Ca(2+) increase [13]; inhibit the development of airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness in allergic mice through COX-2-mediated generation of the anti-inflammatory mediator PGE2 [143]; inhibit bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness [144]
Skin disorders
PAR-2
Production of the TSLP and TNF- [146]; modulation of the calcium ions in skin [147]; scratching behavior in mice [148, 149]; ear edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells [150]
Colitis
PAR-2
Inflammatory process in the intestinal mucosa [25]; impaired epithelial barrier [151]; somatic and visceral hyperalgesia and allodynia [152]; relaxation in colonic smooth muscle [153]; cytoskeleton contraction with subsequent changes in tight junction permeability [154]; visceral hypersensitivity [155]
PAR-4
Contraction of the longitudinal muscle of colon [156]; antinociceptive [158]; increase paracellular permeability and myeloperoxidase activity [159, 160]; colonic hyposensitivity [157, 161]
