Rapid Exercise-Induced Mobilization of Dendritic Cells Is Potentially Mediated by a Flt3L- and MMP-9-Dependent Process in Multiple Sclerosis

Figure 5

Increased secretion of inflammatory mediators upon TLR stimulation after one exercise bout. Blood samples of healthy controls (white bars) and MS patients (grey bars) were (i) stimulated overnight with LPS in combination with IFN-γ or (ii) left unstimulated. Secretion of inflammatory mediators was quantified using ELISA. For the secretion of TNF-alpha, only patients on 2nd-line treatment are depicted. Mean fold changes are calculated as the ratio of the secreted concentration in the stimulated condition to the nonstimulated condition. Then, % changes after exercise and after 2 hours of rest with respect to the baseline value are calculated. Results are shown as mean % change ± SEM. for the difference between results before and after the test. # indicates a significant effect between before and 2 hours after the test. § indicates a significant effect between after and 2 hours after the test. Abbreviations used are as follows: LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; IFN: interferon; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; after: measurement immediately after the test; 2 h: measurement 2 hours after the test; and SEM: standard error of the mean.