Caffeine Mitigates Lung Inflammation Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion of Lower Limbs in Rats

Figure 1

Representative microscopic findings of the lung tissues stained with hemotoxylin & eosin (100x). (a) The sham-operation (Sham) group revealed normal to mild lung inflammation characteristics. (b) The sham plus caffeine (Sham + Caf) group revealed normal to mild lung inflammation characteristics. (c) The lower limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group revealed severe lung inflammation characteristics. (d) The IR plus caffeine (IR + Caf) group revealed mild to moderate lung inflammation characteristics. Rats of the Sham + Caf and the IR + Caf groups received caffeine (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) immediately after reperfusion. To control the effects of vehicle, rats of the Sham and the IR group received normal saline (1.0 mL, intraperitoneal injection) at comparable time point.

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