Titanium Ions Promote Exogenous Calcium-Dependent Calcium Influx in Activated Jurkat T Cells: A Possible Mechanism to Explain Its Immunostimulatory Properties

Figure 2

Cytokine production in T cells treated with Ti(IV) ions. Jurkat T cells were treated by 0, 25, 50, and 100 μM of Ti(IV) ions with or without PHA (5 μg/ml) for 24 h. Then, the cell supernatants were collected and IL-1β, TNF-α, and RANKL concentration was determined by ELISA, respectively. Each point is the mean of three independent experiments.