Titanium Ions Promote Exogenous Calcium-Dependent Calcium Influx in Activated Jurkat T Cells: A Possible Mechanism to Explain Its Immunostimulatory Properties

Figure 3

Fluorescence imaging and [Ca²⁺]i analysis of PHA-activated T cells exposed to Ti(IV) ions. Ti(IV) induces transitory calcium influx in activated T cells (a), but has little effect on intracellular calcium release (b). Data are representative images from three separate experiments. (c) Fluorescent images captured by laser scanning microscopy show the activated cells exposed to different concentrations of Ti(IV) ions in the presence of extracellular Ca²⁺.

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