The Role of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in the Progression of Heart Failure

Table 1

TLR	Expression	Related pathogenesis of HF	Therapy direction
TLR2	Second highest	Doxorubicin-induced DCM; MI; contribute to myocardial inflammation; similar expression in patients with chronic HF	Inhibition of TLR2 is beneficial for the progression of HF; blocking molecular T2.5 antibody
TLR3	Third highest	Protected virus-induced myocardial injury; MI; contribute to myocardial inflammation	Unclear
TLR4	The highest	Bacteria-induced myocardial injury; virus-induced myocardial injury; contribute to myocardial inflammation; doxorubicin-induced DCM; MI; myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury; higher expression in patients with chronic HF	Inhibition of TLR4 is beneficial for the progression of HF; blocking molecular such as the statin family, eritoran, RP105, and ghrelin
TLR9	The lowest	Bacteria-induced myocardial injury; myocarditis; DCM; contribute to myocardial inflammation; diastolic HF; elevated mtDNA in HF patients	Inhibition of TLR9 is beneficial for the progression of HF; pretreatment with synthetic TLR9 ligand