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| Models | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|
| Endotoxin model | Simple to perform, reproducible and controllable, high cost | Produces endotoxic shock and not sepsis; different from human sepsis in terms of kinetics and amplitude of cytokine production | [8–16] |
| Fecal pellet model | Simple to perform, high cost | Uncontrollable, nonreproducible: depending on the type of faeces (depending on feeding of the mice) and on the quantity used; undefined qualities and quantities of bacteria populations; fulminant sepsis vs. survival with intra-abdominal abscesses | [17–19] |
| Defined bacterial inoculum | Simple to perform, reproducible and controllable with type and quantity of bacteria population | Needs adjuvant substances; lack of pathophysiological mechanisms of the intestinal damage, fulminant sepsis vs. survival with intra-abdominal abscesses | [2, 11, 12, 16, 20–28] |
| Caecal slurry peritonitis | Simple to perform, reproducible, standardisable, similar to human sepsis | No disadvantages | [29, 30] |
| CL (caecal ligation) | Simple to perform | Uncontrollable: depends on the amount of bacteria in the intestine and the timing of bowel rapture | [32–36] |
| CLP (caecal ligation and puncture) | Better clinical relevance; lower cost; adjustable with the diameter of the needle, the number of perforations and the length of the bound cecum | Uncontrollable because of too many variables; fulminant sepsis vs. survival with intra-abdominal abscesses; no clinical setting of generalized peritonitis | [3, 16, 37–39] |
| CASP (colon ascendant stent peritonitis) | Adjustable with the diameter of the stent; generalized peritonitis and no abscesses obtained | Uncontrollable: bacterial contamination is continuous | [40, 47] |
| CLI (caecal ligation and incision) | Model for severe acute sepsis, overcomes the artificiality of the endotoxin model | Acute onset and high mortality | [48] |
| CLD (cecum ligation and dissection) | Standardisable: quantity of faeces is 2 mm2; surgical treatment: more close to clinic, long survivor with septicemia | No disadvantages | [39] |
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