Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus Ethanol Extract Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity via MAPK, AP-1, and STAT Signaling Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 and Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages

Figure 3

Effects of hoveniae semen seu fructus ethanol (HSFE) extract on (a–c) production of inflammatory cytokines and (d–f) their mRNA expressions after LPS stimulation of macrophages. Cells were seeded with (a–c) on a 24-well culture plate or (d–f) on a 6-well culture plate and preincubated for 18 h. Then, cells were pretreated with HSFE for 1 h and stimulated with LPS for another (a–c) 24 h or (d–f) 6 h. At least three independent tests were repeated to ensure reproducibility. Data represent the of duplicate determinations from three independent experiments. (vs. control) and (vs. LPS) values were considered statistically significant.

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