Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Promotes Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction by Inducing the M1 Polarization and Migration of Microglia

Figure 3

Inhibition of GSK-3β suppresses tibial surgery-induced microglial activation and inflammatory response. (a) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of microglia in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. (b, c) Quantification of Iba1-positive cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. (d, e) Levels of the TNF-α and IL-1β proteins in the hippocampus were determined using ELISAs. (f) Levels of NF-κB and p-GSK-3β in the rat hippocampus were detected using Western blotting with specific antibodies. (g) The levels of proteins were quantified by ImageJ, and the levels of p-GSK-3β and NF-κB were normalized to GSK-3β or histone levels (p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio and NF-κB/histone ratio). Each value was then presented relative to the ratio of control, which was set to 1. The data are presented as (). and compared with the control group. ^# and ^## compared with the OP group.

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