Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Promotes Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction by Inducing the M1 Polarization and Migration of Microglia

Figure 6

LPS-induced expression of M1 markers is suppressed by GSK-3β inhibition in vitro. (a–f) Expression of M1 (TNF-α, IL-1β, CD86, and iNOS) and M2 (IL-10 and CD206) markers in primary microglia was examined using ELISAs or quantitative RT-PCR. (g) Levels of NF-κB and p-GSK-3β in the rat hippocampus were detected using Western blotting with specific antibodies. The levels of proteins were quantified by ImageJ, and the levels of p-GSK-3β and NF-κB were normalized to GSK-3β or histone levels (p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio and NF-κB/histone ratio). Each value was then presented relative to the ratio of control, which was set to 1. The data are presented as (). and compared with the control group. ^# and ^## compared with the LPS group.