The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

Figure 1

The signaling pathways (brown, grey, and purple box) involved and interactions between cytokines (pink box), chemokines (beige box), matrix metalloproteinases (green box), and other proteins in osteoarthritis. IL-1β and TNF-α (pink box) produced by cells; for example, activated chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and mononuclear cells are among the early mediators in the inflammatory cascades. Continuous lines indicate stimulation while dotted lines indicate inhibition of the downstream molecule or activity. The outcomes of the molecule interactions are shown in yellow boxes.