Density of Langerhans Cells in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers: A Systematic Review

Table 2

The summary of the studies in which the number of LCs was measured in SCC.

First author, date	No of cases	The purpose(s) of the study	Langerhans cells immunostaining measurement method	Measurement location	Cell numbers
Korenberg, 1987 [26]	12	Quantification of LCs in inflamed and noninflamed keratoakanthoma and SCC	Anti-S100 antibody; Calculation in 4 HPFs	Intratumoural	Inflamed SCC: 2.6 (range 0-8) or 3.2 (0-10); Noninflamed SCC: 2.0 (0-8) or 3.0 (0-7)
Tucci, 1998, [29]	5	Analysis of relationship between transformation of keratinocytes and markers of oncogenesis	Anti-CD1a antibody; Calculation per 0.01 mm^2 in 10 fields of vision	Intratumoural
Wei, 1998 [16]	36	Analysis of association of S100+ cells presence in SCC and presence of metastates	Polyclonal anti-S100 antibody; Three cases with/with no metastasis stained with anti-CD1a antibody; Calculation per mm^2	Intra- and peritumoural	PT: mean (range: 0-1243); When stained with anti-CD1a 57% of S100+ cells were identified; IT: mean (range: 0-893); No diffrences when stained with CD1a
Berhane, 2001 [50]	19	Analysis of progression of AK to SSC	Anti-CD1 antibodies; Calculation by the number per mm^2	Intratumoural	CD1:
Ko, 2006 [51]	10	Comparison of BCL-2 and CD1a staining in various skin pathologies	Anti-CD1a antibody; Calculation in 2 HPFs of 0.25 mm^2	Intratumoural
Rotsztejn, 2006 [30]	5	Analysis of LC number in vulvar SCC	Anti-CD1a antibody; Calculation per 10 HPFs	Intratumoural	1.0-1.7 (range 0.0-4.0)
Galan, 2007 [31]	12	Comparison of LC in PEH vs SCC	Anti-CD1a antibodies; Calculation in two different 0.5 mm^2 fields of vision	Epidermis overlying the tumours	7.5/0.5 mm^2
Rotsztejn, 2007 [52]	13	Analysis of LC number in vulvar SCC	Anti-CD1a antibody; Calculation per 10 HPFs	Intratumoural	(range 0.0-2.0)
Bluth, 2009 [52]	10	Analysis of immune microenvironment and function of tumour myeloid DCs	Anti-CD1a and anti-CD207 antibodies; Calculation based on computer-assisted manual counting of positive cells; Extrapolation to unit area (100,000 μm^2)	Intra- and peritumoural	IT: CD1a: 7.1/100,000 μm^2, (median); CD207: 7.0/100,000 μm^2 (median); PT: CD1a: 0.0/100,000 μm^2, (median); CD207: 0.0100,000 μm^2 (median)
Takahara, 2009 [34]	15	Analysis of correlation between tumour cell proliferation and epidermal LC	Anti-CD1a antibody; Calculation per three HPFs	Intratumoural
Sandvik, 2014 [27]	30 (15 RTR, 15 control)	Quantification of cells in surrounding of SCC and LC in epithelial tumour nests; Comparison with IC patients	Anti-CD207 antibody; Calculation among the keratinocytes in the tumour in average 8 random places; Then extrapolated to number per mm^2	Intra- and peritumoural	Intratumoural: -IS patients: median 30/mm^2; -IC patients: median 35/mm^2
Gomes, 2015 [53]	21	Comparison of density and distribution in epithelium and IDC of LC in AC and SCC	Anti-CD1a antibody; Calculation in seven fields of vision; Then extrapolated to 1 mm^2	Epithelium and connective tissue of the tumour	Epithelium: Connective tissue (interstitial dendritic cells):

AC: actinic cheilitis; AK: actinic keratosis; CD: cluster of differentiation; DC: dendritic cells; HPF: high-power fields; IC: immunocompetent; IS: immunosuppressive; IT: intratumoural; LC: Langerhans cells; PEH: pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia; PT: peritumoural; RTR: renal transplant recipient; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma.