Effects of the Glutamine Administration on T Helper Cell Regulation and Inflammatory Response in Obese Mice Complicated with Polymicrobial Sepsis

Figure 5

Messenger (m)RNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration markers in epididymal fat tissues. IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; cluster of differentiation (CD) 68; epidermal growth factor-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 (EMR-1). SH: sham-operated group; SS: sepsis group with saline; SG: sepsis group with glutamine. mRNA changes were quantitated and analyzed by a real-time PCR and were calculated by the comparative CT (2^-ΔΔCt) method. mRNA expression levels in the normal control group were used as a calibrator. Values are expressed as the . for each group at 12, 24, and 48 h after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Differences among groups at each time point were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The symbol ^# significantly differs from the SH group; the symbol “” significantly differs from the SS group ().