Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association, Mechanism, and Translational Applications

Table 1

Baseline gut microbiota or bacterial metabolite characteristics of responders and nonresponders.

Treatment	Responders		Nonresponders		Predictors
	Increase	Decrease	Increase	Decrease
Exercise	Lanchospiraceae bacterium; Streptococcus mitis; Bacteroides; SCFAs; GABA	Bacteroides xylanisolvens; Alistipes shahii; Prevotella copri; BCAAs	Alistipes shahii; Detrimental metabolites	Alistipes putredinis; Ruminococcus gnavus; GABA; SCFAs	Bacteroides xylanisolvens; Bacteroides cellulosilyticus; GABA
FMT	Subdoligranulum variabile; Dorea longicatena	Eubacterium ventriosum; Ruminococcus torques	Ruminococcus torques		Low baseline diversity; Subdoligranulum variabile
Barley bread	Prevotella species		Bacteroides species		Prevotella copri
Drugs
Metformin		Imidazole propionate	Imidazole propionate		Imidazole propionate
Acarbose	Bacteroides; UDCA; PBA/SBA ratio	LCA and DCA; 12-α OH/non-12α OH BA ratio	Prevotella		Bacteroides/Prevotella

SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; BCAAs: branched-chain amino acids; FMT: fecal microbiota transplantation; UDCA: ursodeoxycholic acid; PBA: primary bile acids; SBA: secondary bile acids; LCA: lithocholic acid; DCA: deoxycholic acid; BA: bile acid.