Research Article
Prophylactic Treatment of Probiotic and Metformin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches
Figure 11
Probiotic V and Met unaided or in combination in enhancing the expression of butyrate receptor and transporter proteins in a rat model of ethanol-induced intestinal injury. Expression levels of (a) serum butyrate levels; (b) butyrate receptor: GPR109A; and (c) butyrate transporter: SLC5A8. The gene expression levels were measured after normalizing against 18S. Values are expressed as of six rats. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ### and #### compared to the control group; , , and compared with the ethanol-fed group; a, aa, and aaa compared with the E + probiotic V group; b and bbb compared with the E + Met group.
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