Prophylactic Treatment of Probiotic and Metformin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches

Figure 3

Effect of probiotic V and Met unaided or in combination on ethanol-induced intestinal barrier integrity and permeability in Caco-2 monolayers. (a) TEER. (b) FD-4 influx. Gene expression levels of (c) ZO-1 and (d) occludin. Values are expressed as of three individual experiments. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ^#, ^##, and ^#### compared to the control group; , , , and compared with the ethanol-fed group; ^a and ^aa compared with the E + probiotic V group; ^b and ^bb compared with the E + Met group.

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