Prophylactic Treatment of Probiotic and Metformin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches

Figure 6

Probiotic V and Met alone or in combination prevents ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the male Wistar rat model. mRNA expression of (a) CYP2E1, (b) NOX and ER stress gene (c) CHOP, and (d) Grp78 in the male Wistar rat colon. The gene expression levels were measured after normalizing against 18S. Values are expressed as of six rats. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ^### and ^#### compared to the control group; , , , and compared with the ethanol-fed group; ^a, ^aa, and ^aaa compared with the E + probiotic V group; ^b, ^bb, and ^bbb compared with the E + Met group.

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