Prophylactic Treatment of Probiotic and Metformin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches

Figure 7

Probiotic V and Met alone or in combination prevents ethanol-mediated oxidative stress in Caco-2 monolayer cells. mRNA expression of (a) CYP2E1 and (b) NOX. The gene expression levels were measured after normalizing against 18S. Values are expressed as of three individual experiments. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ^### and ^#### compared to the control group. , , and compared with the ethanol-fed group; ^a and ^aa compared with the E + probiotic V group; ^b and ^bb compared with the E + Met group.

(a)

(b)