Prophylactic Treatment of Probiotic and Metformin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches

Figure 8

Probiotic V and Met alone or in combination inhibits ethanol-induced intestinal inflammation in the male Wistar rat model. (a) Effect on the myeloperoxidase activities in the colon. (b) Effect on the LPS levels in the blood. The inflammatory gene levels in the male Wistar rat colon of (c) TNF-α and (d) IL-6 and anti-inflammatory gene level of (e) IL-10. The gene expression levels were measured after normalizing against 18S. Values are expressed as of six rats. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ^#, ^###, and ^#### compared to the control group; , , , and compared with the ethanol-fed group; ^a and ^aaa compared with the E + probiotic V group; ^b, ^bb, and ^bbb compared with the E + Met group.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)