Prophylactic Treatment of Probiotic and Metformin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches

Figure 9

Probiotic V and Met alone or in combination inhibits ethanol-induced intestinal inflammation in the Caco-2 monolayers. Inflammatory gene levels of (a) TNF-α and (b) IL-6 and anti-inflammatory gene level of (c) IL-10. The gene expression levels were measured after normalizing against 18S. Values are expressed as of three individual experiments. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ^### compared to the control group; , , , and compared with the ethanol-fed group; ^a compared with the E + probiotic V group; ^b and ^bb compared with the E + Met group.

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