Biomarkers of Joint Damage in Osteoarthritis: Current Status and Future Directions

Figure 3

Biomarkers play role in pathology of OA by multiple signaling pathways including NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway, Wnt-signaling pathway, and TLR pathway. Wnt: wingless and Int-1; APC: adenomatous polyposis coli; GSK3β: glycogen synthese kinase; DSH: phosphoprotein disheveled; IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; GRB2: growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; MD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; IKK: inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; IRAK: IL-1 receptor-associated kinase; P: phosphorylation; UQ: ubiquitin; CREB: cAMP-responsive element binding protein; TCF: T cell factor; TAK1: transforming growth factor b-activated kinase 1; MMP: matrix metallopeptidases; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion protein; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1.