Biomarkers of Joint Damage in Osteoarthritis: Current Status and Future Directions

Table 1

The selected biomarkers of OA are classified according tissue involvement and metabolism.

Categories	Candidate biomarkers with reference
Cartilage degradation biomarkers	C2C [34], Coll2, Coll2-1, CoLL2-1NO [27], CTX-II [36], COMP [41], YKL-40 [65]
Cartilage synthesis biomarkers	uCTX [36], PIIANP [31], PIIACP [32]
Synovial degradation biomarkers	HA [48], fibuline-3 [53], follistatin-like protein 1(FSTL1) [56]
Synovial synthesis biomarkers	sPIIINP [31]
Extracellular matrix biomarkers	ARGS [50], MMPs [98]
Inflammatory biomarkers	Complement components [63], cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10) [68–73], and chemokines [75]
Posttranslation modification biomarkers	DCOMP [81], pentosidine [83]
Other biomarkers	ADMTS [88], obesity-related protein, and adipokines [94]

CTXII: type II collagen; C2C: type II collagen cleavage product; Coll 2: type II collagen, NO: nitrogen oxide; COMP: cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; YKL-40: chitinase 3-like protein 1; PIIANP: type IIA collagen N-propeptide; PIICP: type II C propeptide; μCTX-1: urinary c-terminal crosslinking telopeptide II collagen; HA: hyaluronic acid; sPIIINP: serum III procollagen; FIB3-1: fibulin-3 peptides; ARGS: aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; TNF-α: tumour narcosis factor-alpha.