Saussureae Radix Attenuates Neuroinflammation in LPS-Stimulated Mouse BV2 Microglia via HO-1/Nrf-2 Induction and Inflammatory Pathway Inhibition

Figure 3

Effects of Saussureae Radix (SR) on the (a) nuclear translocation of nuclear factor- (NF-) κB p65 and phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) and (b) phosphorylation of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Control cells were incubated with only fresh DMEM. Cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 1 h (NF-κB p65) or 30 min (IκBα and MAPK). The histogram graphs show protein expression levels relative to those of the housekeeping protein. (a) The cultured BV2 microglia were incubated with anti-NF-κB p65 (green) and DAPI (blue). Fluorescence was developed using the Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody. ^# (vs. control); , , and ^† (vs. LPS).