Key Factor Regulating Inflammatory Microenvironment, Metastasis, and Resistance in Breast Cancer: Interleukin-1 Signaling

Figure 1

Typical IL-1 signaling. (a) Synthesis and secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β. (b) Several natural or recombinant biologics block IL-1 and its process of binding to membrane receptors. (c) IL-1 activated intracellular signaling. Abbreviations: IL—interleukin; IL-1R—IL-1 receptor; IL-1Ra—IL-1 receptor antagonist; IL-1RAcP—IL-1 receptor accessory protein; Ig—immunoglobulin; TIR—Toll- and IL-1R-like; NLRP3—NOD-like receptor family PYD domain-containing protein 3; ASC—apoptosis-associated speck-like protein; MyD88—myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; IRAK—interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; TRAF6—TNF receptor-associated factor 6; MKK—mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; JNK—c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK—extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase; IKB—inhibitor kappa B; IKK—inhibitor kappa B kinase; NF-κB—nuclear factor kappa B; AP1—activator protein-1.