Key Factor Regulating Inflammatory Microenvironment, Metastasis, and Resistance in Breast Cancer: Interleukin-1 Signaling

Figure 2

IL-1 signaling-mediated intercellular and intracellular crosstalk in a breast cancer microenvironment. Blue arrows indicate the source and fate of IL-1. Yellow arrows indicate the network of reciprocal influences among different cytokines engaged by IL-1. The source of IL-1 in the breast cancer microenvironment is extensive. Its directions mainly include various immune or inflammatory cells, where it acts to recruit cells and promote differentiation and secretion. Abbreviations: IL—interleukin; MMP—matrix metalloproteinase; TSLP—thymic stromal lymphopoietin; TGF-β—transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-alpha; sCD4—soluble cluster determinant 4; OSM—oncostatin M; SCFs—stem cell factors; G-CSF—granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor; CXCL—(C-X-C motif) ligand; CCL—C-C chemokine ligand.