Inflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications by Natural Products

Figure 5

Role of inflammation on Aβ pathology: Aβ stress leads to the production of ROS, and the inflammatory stimuli activate the microglial cells, which leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and causes the elevated levels of cytokines and accumulation of activated microglia. The promoter region of NFкB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) has binding sites, which lead to the process of amyloidogensis and inflammation, and the activated NFкB initiates the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which triggers neuroinflammation. These mediators cause the excitation of the glial cells which further stimulate the production of Aβ burden and additional proinflammatory cytokines and ultimately leads to the death of neurons and AD pathology.