|
| Adipokine/cytokine | Effect on vasculature | Association with vascular diseases |
|
| Anti-inflammatory adipocytokines |
| Adiponectin | (i) Vasodilator [169]
(ii) ↓ adhesion molecule expression [170]
(iii) ↓ oxidative stress [171] | (i) ↓ production in obesity [172] and hypertension [173] |
| Omentin | (i) ↓ oxidative stress [25]
(ii) ↓ mitochondrial dysfunction [25]
(iii) ↑ NO [174] | (i) ↓ expression in obesity [175] and CAD [176] |
| FGF-21 | (i) ↓ oxidative stress [177]
(ii) ↑ vasorelaxation [178] | (i) Improves vascular dysfunction in hypertension [179] |
| Vaspin | (i) ↑ insulin sensitivity [35]
(ii) ↑ cytokine production [35] | (i) ↓ production in atherosclerosis [180] |
| Nitric oxide | (i) Vasorelaxant [167] | (i) ↓ production in atherosclerosis [181] and hypertension [182] |
| IL-10 | (i) ↓ immune cell infiltration [37] | (i) ↓ in atherosclerosis [183] |
| Proinflammatory adipocytokines |
| IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1, MCP-1 | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [184]
(ii) Endothelial dysfunction [90]
(iii) ↑ ROS [185] | (i) ↑ production in obesity [184] and atherosclerosis [186, 187] |
| Chemerin | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [188]
(ii) ↑ adhesion molecule expression [189] | (i) ↑ production in obesity and diabetes [190] |
| Leptin | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [54]
(ii) ↑ ROS [191]
(iii) endothelial dysfunction [192] | (i) ↑ production in obesity, hypertension [192], and CAD [193] |
| Resistin | (i) ↑ ROS [56]
(ii) ↑ macrophage infiltration [56] | (i) ↑ production in atherosclerosis [194] |
| RANTES, Ang II | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [62] | (i) ↓ production in atherosclerosis [195] and hypertension [196] |
|
