Exploring the Relationship of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Development of Vascular Pathologies

Table 2

Changes related to PVAT inflammation in atherosclerosis and hypertension.

Atherosclerosis	Hypertension
(i) ↑ MCP-1 [197]	(i) ↑ IL-6, IL-17, IL-8, IL-23, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1 [198–200]
(ii) ↑ RANTES [201]	(ii) ↓ adiponectin, IL-10, IL-4 [202]
(iii) ↑ IL-6, IL-1, IL-7 [203–205]	(iii) ↑ RAAS, aldosterone, and Ang II [206]
(iv) ↑ TNF-α [207]	(iv) ↑ activation of AT1R [208]
(v) ↓ adiponectin [209]	(v) ↑ ROS [210]
(vi) ↑ Xpr1 & Taf3 [111]	(vi) ↑ NOX [211]
(vii) ↑ PIAS1 [212]	(vii) ↑ complement C3 [213]
(viii) ↑ FFA [214]	(viii) ↑ CCR2, CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL12, CCL3 [140]
(ix) ↑ ROS [215]	(ix) ↑ ET-1 [210]
(x) ↓ NO [216]
(xi) ↓ H₂S [217]
(xii) ↑ IFN-γ [218]
(xiii) ↑ Leptin [219]
(xiv) ↑ Visfatin [220]
(xv) ↑ MIP-1α [221]
(xvi) ↓ IgM [222]

Abbreviations: Ang II: angiotensin II; AT1R: angiotensin II type 1 receptor; C3: component 3; CCR: CC chemokine receptor; CCL: CC chemokine ligand; ET-1: endothelin-1; FFA: free fatty acid; H₂S: hydrogen sulfide; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IL: interleukin; IgM: immunoglobulin M; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP-1α: macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α; NO: nitric oxide; NOX: NADPH oxidase; PIAS1: protein inhibitor of activated STAT1; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RANTES: regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Taf3: TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 3; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Xpr1: xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1.