Influence of the Gut Microbiota on the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Figure 3

Possible mechanisms responsible for the effect of the digestive tract microbiome on the pathogenesis of ALS. Microbial metabolic end products may indirectly influence the central nervous system (CNS) through immune system modulation. Toxins and neuroactive metabolites produced by a damaged intestinal epithelial barrier or enteric bacteria can overcome the blood-brain barrier, diffuse to the systemic circulation, and impact on ALS pathogenesis. Metabolites produced by bacteria can alter energy homeostasis, encourage oxidative stress, and cause mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation.