Development and Validation of a Novel Nomogram to Predict the Risk of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Table 1

Characteristics of participants in the training group and the validation group.

Variables	No. (%)			value
	Training group (217)	Validation group (92)
IVDD
No	125 (57.60)	52 (56.52)	0.031	0.86
Yes	92 (42.40)	40 (43.48)
Age, year
≤30	71 (32.72)	27 (29.35)	2.184	0.336
>30 and ≤60	82 (37.79)	30 (32.61)
>60	64 (29.49)	35 (38.04)
Sex
Male	115 (53.00)	42 (45.65)	1.394	0.238
Female	102 (47.00)	50 (54.35)
Smoking
No	117 (53.92)	51 (55.43)	0.060	0.807
Yes	100 (46.08)	41 (44.57)
Drinking
No	122 (56.22)	49 (53.26)	0.229	0.632
Yes	95 (43.78)	43 (46.74)
BMI
<18.5	36 (16.59)	13 (14.13)	5.985	0.112
≥18.5 and<24	63 (29.03)	35 (38.04)
≥24 and <28	75 (34.56)	35 (38.04)
≥28	43 (19.82)	9 (9.78)
Hypertension
No	148 (68.20)	70 (76.09)	3.712	0.294
Mild	24 (11.06)	5 (5.43)
Moderate	18 (8.29)	9 (9.78)
Severe	27 (12.44)	8 (8.70)
Diabetes
No	162 (74.65)	62 (67.39)	1.709	0.191
Yes	55 (25.35)	30 (32.61)
Gout
No	172 (79.26)	74 (80.43)	0.055	0.815
Yes	45 (20.74)	18 (19.57)
Marital status
No	111 (51.15)	46 (50.00)	0.034	0.853
Yes	106 (48.85)	46 (50.00)
Working posture
Immobilized	138 (63.59)	62 (67.39)	0.408	0.523
Mobilized	79 (36.41)	30 (32.61)
Exercising hours/week
≤0.5	55 (25.35)	24 (26.09)	0.897	0.826
	58 (26.73)	20 (21.74)
>1.5 and ≤3	49 (22.58)	23 (25.00)
>3	55 (25.35)	25 (27.17)
Education level
High school	82 (37.79)	31 (33.70)	1.606	0.448
Bachelor degree	99 (45.62)	49 (53.26)
Graduate degree	36 (16.59)	12 (13.04)
Modic changes
No	153 (70.51)	66 (71.74)	0.048	0.827
Yes	64 (29.49)	26 (28.26)
Osteophytes
No	152 (70.05)	63 (68.48)	0.075	0.784
Yes	65 (29.95)	29 (31.52)
Ca^2+
Normal	153 (70.51)	67 (72.83)	0.269	0.874
Low	36 (16.59)	15 (16.30)
High	28 (12.9)	10 (10.87)
Hb
Normal	171 (78.80)	69 (75.00)	3.288	0.193
Low	33 (15.21)	12 (13.04)
High	13 (5.99)	11 (11.96)
Lumbar puncture
No	166 (76.50)	71 (77.17)	0.017	0.898
Yes	51 (23.50)	21 (22.83)