Mediators of Inflammation

Research Article

Plasma Diaphanous Related Formin 1 Levels Are Associated with Altered Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case Control Study

Table 1

Clinical parameters of the study participants.


	Normal range	Control			PCOS			value
	Normal range	Total ()	Con-NW ()	Con-OW ()	Total ()	PCOS-NW ()	PCOS-OW ()	(Total PCOS vs. total con)

Age (y)	—	27 (24, 30)	27 (23.5, 31.5)	27 (24.25, 30)	26 (21, 28.5)	25 (20.5, 29.5)	26 (21, 28)	0.032
BMI (kg/m²)	18.5-24	23.05 (21.26, 24.56)	21.5 (20.3, 22.69)	25.46 (24.44, 26.02)^a	25.65 (23.83, 28.85)	22.86 (19.74, 23.33)	27.58 (25.3, 30.73)^c,d	<0.001
Waist (cm)	<88	78 (70.6, 81)	74 (68.8, 77.8)	83.95 (80.5, 88.5)^a	89 (82.5, 99.5)	80 (76, 85) b	95.25 (87.75, 102)^c,d	<0.001
WHR	<0.86	0.87 (0.83, 0.89)	0.86 (0.8, 0.88)	0.89 (0.87, 0.91)^a	0.89 (0.87, 0.94)	0.86 (0.83, 0.89)	0.9 (0.87, 0.95)^c,d	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	90-140	112 (106, 121)	113 (107, 120.5)	111 (106, 120.75)	117 (108.5, 128.5)	112 (106.5, 117.5)	120.5 (109, 132)^c	0.043
DBP (mmHg)	60-90						^c,d	<0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	3.9-6.1	4.9 (4.6, 5.3)	4.82 (4.39, 5.02)	5.2 (4.78, 5.43)^a	4.89 (4.57, 5.38)	4.65 (4.48, 4.79)	4.97 (4.74, 5.54)^c	0.475
FINS (mU/mL)	1.5-15	7.6 (5.9, 10.2)	6.9 (5.35, 8.3)	10.4 (8, 11.93)^a	14.8 (11.05, 18.35)	9.3 (4.25, 11.7) b	16.65 (13.15, 19.45)^c,d	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	4-6%	5.1 (5, 5.45)	5.1 (5, 5.7)	5 (5, 5.1)^a	5.5 (5.2, 5.8)	5.3 (5.05, 5.4) b	5.6 (5.3, 6.03)^c,d	<0.001
HOMA-IR	≤1.6	1.65 (1.33, 2.35)	1.44 (1.12, 1.72)	2.46 (1.83, 2.75)^a	3.31 (2.4, 4.27)	1.85 (0.88, 2.61) b	3.9 (2.97, 4.74)^c,d	<0.001
HOMA-β	100%	112.71 (82.61, 162.5)	110.34 (81.49, 159.52)	127.34 (87.98, 166.43)	186.32 (124.62, 262.79)	124.59 (67.99, 191.84)	214.9 (144.97, 272.29)^c,d	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	0-1.7	0.94 (0.78, 1.27)	0.92 (0.76, 1.17)	1.04 (0.81, 1.38)	1.48 (1.1, 2.12)	0.89 (0.7, 1.5)	1.67 (1.23, 2.23)^c,d	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	0-5.2	4.3 (3.86, 4.88)	4.11 (3.78, 4.81)	4.57 (3.94, 5.15)	4.45 (4.02, 5.03)	4.39 (3.85, 4.84)	4.53 (4.04, 5.15)	0.345
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.9-1.68	1.59 (1.31, 2)	1.72 (1.27, 2)	1.56 (1.45, 1.77)	1.15 (0.96, 1.32)	1.29 (1.08, 1.79)	1.08 (0.93, 1.25)^d	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.07-3.1							0.004
ALT (IU/L)	7-40	15 (11, 21.6)	13.9 (10.85, 19.05)	15.6 (12.62, 29.75)	24.6 (14, 48)	13 (10.45, 17.2)	37.15 (17.45, 62.92)^c,d	<0.001
AST (IU/L)	13-35	18.3 (15, 22)	19 (15.45, 22)	17.25 (15.03, 21.75)	21 (16.15, 28.3)	17.4 (14.1, 19.3)	22.1 (17.05, 37.73)^c,d	0.042
γ-GGT (IU/L)	7-45	15.9 (12.9, 19)	14 (11.95, 18.2)	17.5 (15.22, 19.75)^a	30.2 (16.75, 55.05)	17 (11.8, 29.9)	39.25 (22.82, 57.05)^c,d	<0.001
UA (μmol/L)	89~ 357	265 (237.2, 300)	245.8 (227.65, 275.3)	298.95 (277.2, 342.75)^a	401.3 (302.7, 455.85)	313.7 (280.05, 353.8) b	409.65 (355.05, 469.15)^c,d	<0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L)	45-105							<0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	2.9-8.2	4.3 (3.6, 5.04)	4.4 (3.9, 5.06)	4.23 (3.52, 4.86)	4.35 (3.63, 5.2)	4.39 (3.78, 5.22)	4.34 (3.58, 5.19)	0.874
Testosterone (nmol/L)	0.38-1.97	0.9 (0.58, 1.29)	0.64 (0.5, 0.85)	1.25 (1.08, 1.62)^a	2.11 (1.71, 2.68)	1.99 (1.69, 2.45)^b	2.14 (1.75, 2.71)^d	<0.001
LH (mIU/L)	Follicular phase: 2.39-6.6	4.7 (3.31, 6.99)	5.36 (4.46, 6.77)	3.87 (2.17, 7.18)	8.5 (5.18, 10.62)	8.12 (5.08, 10.3)^b	8.59 (5.36, 10.61)^d	<0.001
FSH (mIU/L)	Follicular phase: 3.03-8.08	4.41 (2.97, 6.04)	4.39 (3.04, 6.35)	4.78 (3.11, 5.79)	4.06 (3.44, 4.82)	4.31 (3.1, 4.88)	4.01 (3.47, 4.82)	0.123
LH/FSH	<2	1.06 (0.71, 1.61)	1.11 (0.86, 1.68)	0.83 (0.59, 1.35)^a	2.02 (1.45, 2.55)	1.76 (1.42, 2.41)^b	2.03 (1.56, 2.6)^d	<0.001
Estradiol (pg/mL)	Follicular phase: 21-251	78.46 (54.75, 151.32)	94.69 (63.47, 161.56)	71.5 (37.25, 123)	51 (34, 70.5)	46 (21.5, 58)^b	52.5 (38.25, 73.75)	<0.001
Progesterone (ng/mL)	Follicular phase: <0.1-0.3	1.33 (0.5, 9.35)	1.59 (0.88, 11.59)	0.55 (0.4, 7.72)^a	0.4 (0.2, 0.63)	0.4 (0.3, 0.63)^b	0.4 (0.2, 0.62)^c,d	<0.001
PRL (ng/mL)	5.18-26.53	16.3 (10.13, 26.48)	15.45 (10.27, 23.85)	17.64 (10.19, 28.71)	16.62 (9.72, 22.9)	13.35 (9.35, 19.67)	17.12 (9.74, 23.62)	0.324
WBC (10^9/L)	3.5-9.5	5.73 (4.9, 6.42)	5.67 (4.86, 6.34)	5.8 (5.14, 6.46)	6.55 (5.72, 7.92)	5.7 (4.94, 6.43)	6.97 (6.11, 8.19)^c,d	<0.001
DIAPH1 (ng/mL)	—	3.05 (2.74, 3.55)	2.81 (2.64, 3.07)	3.79 (3.15, 3.97)^a	2.78 (2.46, 3.28)	3.14 (2.61, 3.51)	2.69 (2.43, 3.18)^d	0.01

Data are shown as the for variables with a normal distribution and median with the interquartile range (25–75%) for nonnormally distributed continuous variables. For variables with a normal distribution, an independent samples -test was performed to compare variables between two groups; a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison test was performed among the four subgroups (Con-NW, Con-OW, PCOS-NW, and PCOS-OW). For nonnormally distributed continuous variables, the Mann–Whitney test was performed to compare variables between the two groups; the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparisons using BWS all-pairs test was performed for the four subgroups. Con-NW: control normal-weight participants; Con-OW: control overweight/obese participants; PCOS-NW: PCOS normal-weight participants; PCOS-OW: PCOS overweight/obese participants; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FINS: fasting insulin; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and insulin secretion; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; γ-GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; UA: uric acid; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; PRL: prolactin; WBC: white blood cell count. a for NW-Con vs. OW-Con; b for NW-Con vs NW-PCOS; c for NW-PCOS vs. OW-PCOS; d for OW-Con vs. OW-PCOS.