Extracellular Cardiolipin Modulates Select Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4-Dependent Manner

Figure 3

The effect of CL on the expression of GFAP (a) and secretion of IL-1β (b) by human U118 MG astrocytic cells. CL (20 μg/ml) or its vehicle solution was added to U118 MG cell cultures 15 min before exposure to LPS (400 ng/ml) or the vehicle solution. After 48 h, immunoblotting was performed using cell lysates (a), and IL-1β concentration in cell supernatants was measured by an ELISA (b). Data () are expressed as fold change in protein levels compared to control cells exposed to growth medium only and are normalized to β-actin (a). The detection limit of the ELISA is presented as the dotted line (b). and according to Tukey’s post-hoc test. and values for the one-way randomized blocks ANOVA are shown. Representative bands of immunostained GFAP and β-actin from each treatment group are shown (c). Uncropped immunoblot images are provided as Supplementary Figure 1.

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