Extracellular Cardiolipin Modulates Select Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4-Dependent Manner

Figure 5

The effect of CL on human U118 MG astrocytic cell MCP-1 secretion (a)–(c) and their viability (d) in serum-containing medium. Increasing concentrations of CL or its vehicle solution was added to U118 MG astrocytic cell cultures (a, d), or CL was added 15 min before exposure to LPS (400 ng/ml) (b) or a combination of IFN-γ (400 U/ml) plus IL-1β (20 pg/ml) (c). After 48 h, concentrations of MCP-1 in cell supernatants were measured by an ELISA, and the viability of U118 MG astrocytic cells was measured by the MTT assay. Data are presented as . Cell viability in (d) is normalized to values obtained from U118 MG cultures not exposed to CL or its vehicle solution. according to Dunnett’s post-hoc test. and values for the one-way randomized blocks ANOVA are shown. The detection limit of the ELISA is presented as the dotted line.

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