Regulatory Mechanism of M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases

Table 2

MicroRNAs involved in regulating macrophage polarization.

MicroRNA	Organism	Cell	Target	Function	Ref.
miR-155	Human	Monocytes	SOCS1, IL-13Rα1, C/EBP-β	Activates STAT1 and inhibits STAT6, thereby promoting macrophage polarization	[67]
miR-146a	Human	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells	TRAF6, IRAK1, IRAK2, IRF3	Limits NF-κB and IRF3 and inhibits M1 macrophage polarization	[68]
miR-let-7a	Human	Macrophages	HMGA2	IRF5 is inhibited by the PI3K pathway, thereby inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization	[69]
miR-33	Mouse	Monocytes	AMP activates protein kinases (AMPK)	Promotes M2 macrophage polarization, elevates Treg cells	[70]
miR-223	Mouse	Macrophages	Pknox1, Sp3	Promotes M2 macrophage polarization, inhibits NLPR3 inflammasome	[71]
miR-21	Human	Macrophages	PTEN, PDCD4	Promotes M2 macrophage polarization, decreases NF-κB signaling, and increases IL-10 production	[72]
miR-125a	Human	Macrophages	FIH1, IRF4	Promotes M1 macrophage polarization	[73]
miR-100-5p	Human	Mesenchymal stem cells	Unknown	Promotes M2 macrophage polarization by regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway	[74]
miR-654	Human	Macrophages	MIF	Reduces macrophage downstream proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK and AKT	[75]
miR-382	Mouse	Tubular epithelial cells	SIRP-α	Activates the STAT3 signaling pathway to promote M2 macrophage polarization	[76]
miR-221-3p	Human	Macrophages	JAK3	Inhibits the JAK3/STAT3 pathway to promote M1 macrophage polarization	[77]
miR-467f	Mouse	Macrophages	Map3k8, Mk2	Inhibits M1 macrophage polarization	[78]
miR-93	Rat	Macrophages	IRAK4	Inhibits NF-κB activation and negatively regulates M1 macrophage polarization	[79]