Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Nuclear Reprogramming

Table 1

Nuclear reprogramming: various cell types that can be reprogrammed are shown in Table 1. During reprogramming several cell markers for pluripotency or differentiation are upregulated or downregulated.

Phenomena	Factors
Starting cell types:	Keratinocytes, t-cells, fibroblasts, Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), dental pulp stem cells, germ line stem cells, neural stem cells, cord blood stem cells, hair follicle, retina, skeletal muscle.
Factors Upregulated/; Downregulated	(a) Embryonic development—upregulated (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Lin-28, NR5A2, TBX3, STAT3 and ZIC3).
	Downregulation of differentiation specific genes (PAX6, ATBF1 and SUZ12).
	(b) Proliferation—upregulated (Cyclin D1, c-Myc, KLF4, Rem2).
	Downregulated (p53, p21, p16^INK4A).
	(c) Epigenetic—downregulated (DNMT1, HDAC, Histone demethylase).
	(d) Signalling pathway—downregulated (TGFβ, Wnt/β catenin, PI3/AKT).
	(e) Chromatin—opened (by SWI/SNF).
	(f) Miscelleneous—to express (Vitamin C, hypoxia, TERT, E-cadherin).