Applications of Amniotic Membrane and Fluid in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine

Table 2

Applications of AF stem cells.

AF cell source	Target tissue	Animal/disease model	Delivery route	References
Human	Brain	Normal and twitcher neonatal mice	Intracerebroventricular injection	[14]
Human	Brain	Mouse cerebral ischemia	Intracerebroventricular injection	[109]
Human	Brain	Rat cerebral ischemia	Intrastriatal injection	[110]
Rat	Brain	Rat cerebral ischemia	Intravenous injection into the jugular vein	[111]
Human	Brain	Mouse motor cortex injury	Injection or implantation of cells seeded on biocompatible scaffolds into the motor cortex	[112]
Human	Nerve	Rat sciatic nerve crush injury	Injection or implantation of cells and fibrin glue into the injury site	[113–117]
Human	Nerve, Muscle	Rat sciatic nerve crush injury	Intravenous injection	[118]
Human	Heart	Rat cardiac infarction	Intracardiac injection of cells or cell sheet fragments	[119, 120]
Rat	Heart	Rat cardiac infarction	Intracardiac injection	[108, 121, 122]
Human	Lung, Heart	Rat pulmonary hypertension and heart failure	Intravenous injection into the tail vein	[123]
Sheep	Heart valve	Fetal sheep	Closed-heart implantation of cells seeded on biodegradable scaffolds in utero	[104]
Mouse	Skeletal muscle	Mouse spinal muscular atrophy	Intravenous injection into the tail vein	[124]
Human	Bone	Mouse subcutaneous implantation	Subcutaneous implantation of cells printed on biocompatible polymers	[14]
Rabbit	Bone	Rabbit chest wall/sternal defects	Bone graft implantation of cells seeded on biocompatible scaffolds into the injury site	[99]
Human	Bone	Rat subcutaneous implantation	Subcutaneous implantation of cells seeded on biocompatible polymers	[101]
Sheep	Cartilage	Fetal lamb tracheal reconstruction	Tracheal implantation of cells seeded on biocompatible scaffolds in utero	[96]
Sheep	Diaphragm	Postnatal sheep diaphragmatic hernia	Diaphragmatic implantation of cells seeded on biocompatible scaffolds	[97]
Human	Kidney	Mouse kidney acute tubular necrosis	Injection into the renal cortex	[106]
Rat	Bladder	Rat cryo-injured bladder	Intravascular injection	[105]
Rat	Abdomen	Rat	Intraperitoneal injection	[125]
Rabbit	Fetal membranes	Fetal rabbit iatrogenic membrane defect	Injection into the plug followed by fixation to the fetal membranes	[126]
Sheep	Nonspecific	Fetal lamb organs	Injection into the fetal peritoneal cavity in utero	[127]
Mouse, Human	Hematopoietic	Mouse	Intravenous injection into the retro-orbital vein	[128]