Management of Fibrosis: The Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Breakthrough

Figure 3

MSCs exert various effects on immune cells. A summary of MSC-mediated effects on the immune response. Various factors secreted by MSC exert an inhibitory effect on cells of the immune system which are involved in the fibrotic process (HGF: hepatocyte growth factor, HLA: human leukocyte antigen, IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, IFN-γ: interferon-γ, Ig: immunoglobulin, IL: interleukin, MSC: mesenchymal stromal cell, NO: nitric oxide, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, Tc: cytotoxic T-cell, TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, Th: helper T-cell, and Treg: regulatory T-cell).