Physical, Spatial, and Molecular Aspects of Extracellular Matrix of In Vivo Niches and Artificial Scaffolds Relevant to Stem Cells Research

Table 4

Summary of MSC differentiation dependence on substrate stiffness.

Lineage	Matrix stiffness,	Material	Testing method	Reference
Neurogenic	0.1–1 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gels, collagen coated	Nanoindentation using atomic force microscopy	[10]
	~1 kPa	2D polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel	Compression test	[53]
	1 kPa	3D type I collagen gel and hyaluronic acid gel	Compression test	[55]
	~1-2 kPa	2D gelatin-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid gel	Dynamic shear deformation 1%, 1 Hz using rheometer	[57]
	6.1 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gel (PAA)	Compression test	[54]
Gliogenic	10 kPa	3D type I collagen gel and hyaluronic acid gel	Compression test	[55]
Vascular endothelial cells	2-3 kPa	3D polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGdma) nanofiber hydrogel	Tensile test	[61]
	2.5–5 kPa	3D alginates-agarose hydrogel with RGD	Compression test	[132]
Adipogenic	4 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gel (PAA)	Nanoindentation using atomic force microscopy	[49]
	1.5 kPa, 6 kPa	2D polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)	Tensile and macroscopic indentation tests	[56]
Myogenic	7–17 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gels (PAA), collagen coated	Nanoindentation using atomic force microscopy	[10]
	12–15 kPa	3D polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGdma) nanofiber hydrogel	Tensile test	[61]
	~30 kPa	2D gelatin- hydroxyphenylpropionic acid gel	Dynamic shear deformation 1%, 1 Hz using rheometer	[57]
	>9 kPa: 25 kPa, 80 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gel, coated with collagen, fibronectin	Dynamic mechanical analysis	[22]
Cardiomyocytes	45 and 65 kPa	3D thermosensitive hydrogel (PAA and HEMA-PTMC)	Tensile test	[46]
Osteogenic	11–30 kPa	3D alginates-agarose hydrogel with RGD	Compression test	[132]
	15–100 kPa	2D polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)	Tensile and macroscopic indentation tests	[56]
	24 kPa	2D polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel	Compression test	[53]
	25–40 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gels, collagen coated	Nanoindentation using atomic force microscopy	[10]
	30 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gel (PAA)	Nanoindentation using atomic force microscopy	[49]
	42 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gel (PAA) collagen coated	Tensile test	[78]
	46.7 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gel (PAA)	Compression test	[54]
	~60 kPa	2D gelatin–hydroxyphenylpropionic acid	Dynamic shear deformation 1%, 1 Hz using rheometer	[59]
	80 kPa	2D polyacrylamide gel; coated with collagen, fibronectin	Dynamic mechanical analysis	[22]
	190 kPa–3.1 MPa	2D polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)	Nanoindentation	[58]