Lineage-Specific Chiral Biases of Human Embryonic Stem Cells during Differentiation

Figure 4

The intermediate neural differentiation stage displays a CCW rotation bias, while neuroepithelium does not. (a) Day 5 neural-induced cells expressing Otx2, a neural ectoderm marker. (b) Day 10 neuroepithelium expressing PAX6, a neural lineage marker. (c) Neural-induced cells (D5-NI) show a statistically significant CCW rotational bias while neuroepithelium (D10-NE) and the neuroepithelial cell line NE-4C, both treated with retinoic acid (NE-4C RA) and untreated (NE-4C), do not. (d) All groups show significantly more planar rotating cells than other categories, except the NE-4C group which is mostly migratory. (e) Quantitative data showing the total number of cells in each category along with the number of replicate experiments (). The values indicate comparisons between CW and CCW and between planar rotation and the other three categories. Scale bars: 100 μm; .

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