Recent Progress in Stem Cell Modification for Cardiac Regeneration

Table 2

Examples of clinical studies applying MSCs for the treatment of chronic and acute CVDs.

Clinical study	MSC type	Cardiac disease	Modification	Applied cell number	Route of administration	Time of MSC application after MI	Effect on LVEF
POSEIDON [233]	Bone marrow MSCs (allogenic versus autologous)	Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy		1 × 10^8	Transendocardial		No change
RIMECARD [234]	Umbilical cord MSCs versus bone marrow MSCs (allogenic)	Dilated cardiomyopathy		1 × 10^6/kg	Intravenously		Improved
PROMETHEUS [15]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy		2 × 10^7–2 × 10^8	Intramyocardial		Improved
MSC-HF [235]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Ischemic heart failure		~8 × 10^7	Intramyocardial		Improved
C-CURE [133]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Chronic heart failure	Preconditioning with cardiogenic cytokines	7 × 10^8	Endoventricular		Improved
Xiao et al. [236]	Bone marrow MSCs versus bone marrow MNCs (autologous)	Dilated cardiomyopathy		~5 × 10^8	Intracoronary		Improved
Perin et al. [237]	Bone marrow MSCs (allogenic)	Chronic heart failure		2.5–15 × 10^7	Transendocardial		No change
HUC-HEART trial [238]	Umbilical cord MSCs (allogenic) versus bone marrow BMNCs (autologous)	Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy		2–20 × 10^7	Intramyocardial		Improved
Buttler et al. [239]	Bone marrow MSCs (allogenic)	Nonischemic cardiomyopathy	Hypoxic preconditioning	1.5 × 10^6/kg	Intravenously		No change
TAC-HFT [240]	Bone marrow MSCs versus bone marrow MNCs (autologous)	Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy		2 × 10^8	Transendocardial		No change
MESAMI 1 [241]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Ischemic cardiomyopathy		4–10 × 10^7	Intramyocardial		Improved
Anastasiadis et al. [242]	Bone marrow mesenchymal precursor (allogenic)	Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy		1–4 × 10^6	Intramyocardial		Improved
Chen et al. [243]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Acute myocardial infarction		48–60 × 10^9	Intracoronary	~3 weeks	Improved
Lee et al. [244]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Acute myocardial infarction		~7 × 10^7	Intracoronary	~4 weeks	Improved
Gao et al. [245]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Acute myocardial infarction		~3 × 10^6	Intracoronary	~2 weeks	No change
Chullikana et al. [246]	Bone marrow MSCs (allogenic)	Acute myocardial infarction		2 × 10^6/kg	Intravenously	~2 days	No change
Wang et al. [247]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Acute myocardial infarction		2 × 10^8	Intracoronary	~3 weeks	No change
Rodrigo et al. [248]	Bone marrow MSCs (autologous)	Acute myocardial infarction		3–50 × 10^6	Intramyocardial	~3 weeks	Improved
Gao et al. [249]	Umbilical cord MSCs (allogenic)	Acute myocardial infarction		6 × 10^6	Intracoronary	~1 week	Improved

MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarct.