Therapeutic Potential of Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells on Injuries and Disorders in the Central Nervous System

Table 1

hAECs administered in animal models of injuries and diseases of the CNS and the possible mechanisms.

Diseases	Authors	Model animal	Delivery route	Suggested mechanism	Clinical improvement
Stroke	[9]	Acute ischemia rats	I.C.	Reduced apoptosis; Neural differentiation	Reduced infarct volume; Improved functional behaviour
Stroke	[32]; [34]	Acute ischemia mice and marmoset monkeys	I.V.	Reduced cerebral apoptosis and inflammation; Reduced systemic immunosuppression	Reduced infarct volume; Improved functional behaviour
Stroke	[14]	ICH rats	Intracerebral	Reduced microglial activation; Increased neural cell survival and regeneration	Reduced brain edema; Ameliorated neurologic deficits
Stroke	[25]	ICH rabbits	Intracerebral	Neural differentiation	Improved functional behaviour
Stroke	[36]	ICH rats	Intracerebral	Reduced microglial activation and inflammatory factors	Reduced inflammation response
SCI	[42]	SCI monkeys	Injected into the transection cavities	Promote the growth of axotomized axons; Prevent the formation of glial scar	Prevented the formation of glial scar; Prevented death in axotomized cells
SCI	[10]	SCI rats	Injected into spinal transections	Promote the regeneration of the axons; Inhibited the atrophy of axotomized red nucleus	Improved functional behaviour
SCI	[43]	SCI rats	Injected into spinal transections	Reduced microglial activation	Alleviated SCI-induced mechanical allodynia
SCI	[44]	SCI rats	Transplanted into spinal transections	Enhanced the survival of host neurons; Promoted the survival and neural differentiation of codrafted NSCs	Improved functional behaviour
SCI	[46]	SCI rats	Transplanted into spinal hemisections with muscle scaffold	Promoted axonal growth; Promoted the remyelination of nerve fibres	Improved functional recovery
SCI	[47]	SCI rats	Transplanted into spinal hemisections with silk fibroin scaffold	Reduced the formation of glial scar; Reduced immunological reaction at lesion site	Improved functional behaviour
Parkinson’s	[15]	PD rats	Intracerebral	Promoted the differentiation of the neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase	Improved functional behaviour
Parkinson’s	[58]	PD rats	Intracerebral	Promoted the survival of dopamine neurons	Improved the survival of dopamine neurons
Parkinson’s	[11]	PD rats	Intracerebroventricular	Prevented the loss of dopamine neurons and their metabolites	Improved behaviour recovery
Parkinson’s	[59]	PD rats	Intracerebral	Increased the content of dopamine neurons and their metabolites	Improved behaviour deficits
Alzheimer’s	[12]; [65]	APP/PS1 mice	Intracerebral	Increased survival of cholinergic neurons; Promoted acetylcholine production	Improved spatial memory
MS	[13]	EAE mice	Intravenous	Suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes and T cells; Increased proportion of Th2 production	Reduced demyelination; Ameliorated relapse and remission
MS	[71]	EAE mice	Intravenous	Inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes; Increased the production of IL-2 and IL-5	Decreased remission; Demyelination
MS	[72]	EAE mice	Intravenous	Increased the number of Treg and naïve CD4^+ T cells; Decreased the T cell response and inflammatory factors	Ameliorated relapse
CP	[52]	Brain injury in preterm foetal sheep	Foetal jugular vein	Reduced microglial activation, apoptosis and astrogliosis, and BBB integrity maintenance	Protected the developing brain
CP	[51]	Brain injury in preterm foetal sheep	Foetal brachial artery	Reduced microglial activation, pyknotic cells, and cell death; Increased oligodendrocytes and MBP-positive cells	Restored myelin morphology; Decreased white matter injury
CP	[53]	White matter injury in preterm foetal sheep	Intravenous and intratracheal	Reduced microglial activation and vascular leakage	Modulated white matter pathology
CP	[56]	Brain injury in perinatal mouse	Intravenous	Reduced apoptosis and astrogliosis; Increased microglial activity	Rescued the decreased body weight