Exosomes Derived from Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla Promote Dentine-Pulp Complex Regeneration by Inducing Specific Dentinogenesis

Figure 4

Exosomes from stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP-Exo) induced the odontogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). (a, b) CCK-8 and Ki-67 assays showed that SCAP-Exo had no significant effect on the proliferation of BMMSCs. . (c) Alizarin red S staining showed that SCAP-Exo could increase mineralised nodule formation in a dose-dependent manner. . (d) Real-time PCR analysis revealed that SCAP-Exo could augment DSPP mRNA expression levels in BMMSCs without exerting effects on Runx2 and ALP mRNA expression levels. (e) Western blot analysis indicated that the protein expression levels of ALP and Runx2 were not significantly changed, but that high doses (20 and 50 μg/mL) of SCAP-Exo significantly improved the protein expression levels of DSPP (, , and , NS = not significant, ). Error bars indicate .

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