Stem Cell-Derived Nanovesicles: A Novel Cell-Free Therapy for Wound Healing

Table 2

Summary of research on immobilized Exos in wound repair.

Exosome	Scaffold	Model	Function	Reference
hUC-MSC-derived Exos	Pluronic F127 hydrogel	Diabetic full-thickness skin wound	Accelerate wound closure and promote tissue regeneration	[85]
pH-responsive Exos	Polysaccharide-based dressing	Chronic diabetic wound	Enhance the angiogenic ability and sustained release of Exos	[86]
Mouse ADSC-derived Exos	Pluronic F127 hydrogel, oxidized hyaluronic acid, and ε-polylysine	Rat diabetic cutaneous injury	Sustained release of Exos; promote angiogenesis, reepithelialization, neovascularization, and cell proliferation	[87]
ADSC-derived Exos	Alginate hydrogel	Full-thickness excisional wound	Enhance wound closure, reepithelization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis	[88]
ADSC-derived Exos	Porous cryogels	Diabetic and infectious wound	Accelerate wound closure, promote collagen deposition, increase reepithelialization and neovascularization, and decrease oxidative stress	[79]
hUC-MSC-derived Exos	Hydromatrix	Skin wound healing	Inhibit myofibroblast formation and reduce scar formation	[89]
hUC-MSC-derived Exos	Genipin-crosslinked hydrogel	Rat cutaneous wound	Reduce inflammation, promote wound closure, accelerate epithelial regeneration, and increase collagen deposition	[90]
Gingival MSC-derived Exos	Chitosan/silk-based hydrogel	Rat diabetic wound	Promote reepithelialization, deposition and remodeling of collagen, angiogenesis, and skin wound healing	[89]
BMSC-derived Exos	Electrospun fibrous scaffolds	Full-thickness skin wound	Synergistic immunomodulatory functions toward skin wound repair	[58]
ADSC-derived Exos	Pluronic F127 hydrogel, oxidized hyaluronic acid, and ε-polylysine	Diabetic full-thickness cutaneous wound	Sustained release of Exos; promote neovascularization, accelerate the formation of granulation tissue, and enhance reepithelialization and collagen remodeling	[91]
Placental MSC-derived Exos	Aldehyde methylcellulose–chitosan-g-PEG hydrogel	Full-thickness skin defect	Synergistically promote angiogenesis and inhibit cell apoptosis; promote the function of hair follicles and glands	[92]

Abbreviations: ADSC: adipose-derived MSC; BMSC: bone marrow-derived MSC; hUC-MSC: human umbilical cord-derived MSC; PEG: polyethylene glycol.