Review Article

Tendon Tissue Repair in Prospective of Drug Delivery, Regenerative Medicines, and Innovative Bioscaffolds

Table 2

Tendogenic growth factors.

Growth factorsStudy typeECM productionTendon modelResultsReference

TGF-βIn vitroIncreased expression of collagen-I & IIIEquine embryoTGF-β promote differentiation and proliferation[166]
PRPIn vitroNot studiedEquine superficial digital flexor tendonIncreased cellularity, GAG contents, tensile strength and matrix strength[138]
VGF-11In vitroRat Achilles’ tendonPromote proliferation, increased mechanical and tensile strength[167]
IGF-1In vitroEnhanced orientation of collagen fibersRabbit patellar tendonPromote formation of fibrous tissue with increase crosslinking and orientation[119]
BMP-12In vitroIncreased expression of collagen-IHuman ADSCRegulate expression of Scx and RUNX and promote tenogenesis[168]
FGF-2In vitroNot studiedRat TSPCsPromote cell proliferation up till week 6 and regulate expression level of Tnmd & Scx[151]
bFGFIn vitroIncreased expression of collagen-IIIRat patellar tendonIncreased cell differentiation and collagen content[169]
GDF-5In vitroNo significant difference found as compared with controlHuman BMSCsGDF-5 promote differentiation in BMSCs but significant effect on proliferation was not observed, induce tenogenic differentiation without cell doubling[170]
GDF-6In vitro & in vivoIncreased deposition and organization of collagenRabbit BMScPromote cell differentiation, and regulate expression of Tnmd & Scx[171]
GDF-7In vitroNot studiedEquine BMScRegulate expression of decorin & Tnmd and cell differentiation[172]

Abbreviations: TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; VGF-11: nerve growth factor inducible; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; BMP-12: bone morphogenic protein-12; FGF-2: fibroblast growth factor-2; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; GDF-5: growth differentiation factor-5.