An Overview of the Safety, Efficiency, and Signal Pathways of Stem Cell Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Table 1

Efficacy of MSC therapy in animal experiments.

Author, year	Stem cell type	Animal model	Groups	Handing methods	Treatment effect
Liu et al. [15]	pMSCs	MRL/lpr mice, BALB/C mice	The control group (); The vehicle group (); The LEF group (); The MSC group ()	(pMSCs) cells via the tail vein	Proteinuria ↓, anti-dsDNA ↓, IgG deposition ↓, renal injury ↓
Ruan et al. [16]	H-UC-MSCs	B6.Fas mice	Normal control (C57BL/6 mice) group (), model (B6.Fas mice) group (), low-dose treatment (B6.Fas mice) group (), medium-dose treatment (B6.Fas mice) group (), high-dose treatment (B6.Fas mice) groups ()	High: cells via the tail vein; Medium: cells via the tail vein; Low:	Anti-nuclear ↓, anti-histone ↓, anti-dsDNA antibody ↓, proliferative mesangial cells ↓, tubulointerstitial fibrosis ↓, 24 h proteinuria ↓
Ma et al. [18]	UC-MSCs	B6.lpr mice	MSC group (); C5aRA, Merck group (); Control group ()	MSCs () via the tail vein	Proteinuria ↓, plasma levels of creatinine ↓, mesangial matrix ↓, inflammatory cell infiltration ↓, IgG ↓, IgA ↓, C3 ↓
Zhang et al. [19]	ADSCs	MRL/lpr mice	Control group (); ADSC group (); CTX group ()	ADSCs () via the tail vein	Proteinuria ↓, serum anti-dsDNA antibody ↓, serum creatinine ↓, renal pathology ↓
Zhang et al. [20]	H-UC-MSCs	B6.lpr mice	MSC group; FLS group; Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treatment group	UC-MSCs () via the tail vein	Anti-dsDNA antibody ↓, IgG ↓, mononuclear cell infiltration ↓
Sun et al. [21]	BMMSCs	MRL/lpr mice	BMMSC group (); Control group (); CTX group ()	BMMSCs ( cells per 10 g body weight) via the tail vein	Anti-dsDNA antibody ↓, immune globulin ↓, serum albumin ↓, ANA ↓, C3 ↓, IgG ↓
Ji et al. [22]	BMMSCs	MRL/lpr mice	Low-dose MSC group (); High-dose MSC group (); PBS group (); Control group ()	BMMSCs ( cells per 10 g body); MSC ( cells per 10 g body)	Anti-dsDNA antibody ↓, IgG ↓, IgM ↓, ANA ↓, proteinuria ↓
Jang et al. [13]	BMMSCs	NZB/W mice	BMMSC group (-11); PBS group (-11)	BMMSCs () via retro-orbital injection of the venous sinus	Anti-dsDNA antibody ↓, immune complexes and complement factors ↓, CD4+ T cells ↓, B220+B cells ↓
Zhou et al. [23]	BMMSCs	MRL/lpr mice	Control group (); CTX-treated group (); MSC group (); MSC+CTX group ()	BMMSCs () via the tail vein	Anti-dsDNA antibody ↓, serum creatinine ↓, 24 h proteinuria ↓