Classification and Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms and Applications against Ischemic Stroke

Figure 2

Treatment mechanisms of MSCs in ischemic stroke. MSCs produce NO, IDO, PGE2, TGF-β, HLA-G5, TSG-6, IL-1Ra, IL-10, CCL2, etc., to weaken harmful immune and inflammation responses. MSCs induce activation of microglia and persistent reactive astrogliosis. MSCs interact with microRNAs, like miR-133b, RNA-184, and miR-210, to provide neuroprotective functions. MSCs can secrete biologically active cytokines or factors including BDNF, GDNF, NGF, cCSF, SCF, bFGF, PDGFAA, angiopoietin-2, NAP2, and VEGF to promote angiogenic activities and attenuate blood-brain barrier disruption.