Characteristics and Developments in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for COVID-19: An Update

Table 2

The characteristics and categories of EVs.

Characteristic	Exosomes	Microvesicles	Apoptotic bodies
Apoptotic bodies	50–150	100–1000	500–2000
Origin	Multivesicular body exocytosis	Cell membrane budding and fission	Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum
Morphology	Cup/round shaped	Various shapes	Heterogeneous
Sucrose gradient	1.13–1.19 g/mL	1.04–1.07 g/mL	1.16–1.28 g/mL
Surface markers	Annexins, tetraspanins, heat-shock proteins	CD40, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, ceramide	Annexin V positivity, TSP, C3b
Contents	Proteins, nucleic acids, lipid	Proteins, nucleic acids, lipid	Nuclear fractions, DNA, cell organelles
Isolation technique	Centrifugation at 100,000 gravity	Ultracentrifugation	Ultracentrifugation