The Therapeutic Potential of Inflamed Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Preclinical Studies: A Scoping Review of a Unique Biomedical Waste

Table 1

Characteristics and methodologies of included studies.

No.	Study ID	Study design	GMSC source	Sample collection		Experimental design			Scaffold or carrier (if present)
				Healthy	Diseased	Source of interest	Other sources (if present)	Control
1	Tang et al., 2011 [6]	In vitro & in vivo	Human	Not specified	Gingivectomy due to drug-induced gingival hyperplasia	I-GMSCs	-	H-GMSCs; H-BMSCs (in vivo)	Subcutaneous transplantation of stem cells loaded on fibrin gel
2	Ge et al., 2012 [7]	In vitro & in vivo	Human	Crown lengthening procedure	Flap debridement in chronic periodontitis	I-GMSCs	-	H-GMSCS; H-PDLSCs (in vivo)	Subcutaneous transplantation of stem cells mixed with HA/TCP powder
3	Li et al., 2013 [34]	In vitro & in vivo	Human	Not specified	Gingivectomy due to dental plaque-induced gingival hyperplasia (in vitro); Cells were treated with culture containing inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β (in vivo)	I-GMSCs (in vitro); Inflammatory cytokine-treated HGMSCs (in vivo)	Inflammatory cytokine-treated HDPSCs (in vivo)	H-GMSCs; H-DPSCs	Subcutaneous transplantation of stem cell sheets
4	Yang et al., 2013 [11]	In vitro & in vivo	Human	Extraction of third molars	Cells were treated with culture containing inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β	Inflammatory cytokine-treated HGMSCs	Inflammatory cytokine-treated HPDLSCs	H-GMSCS; H-PDLSCs	Subcutaneous transplantation of stem cell loaded on artificial bone repair materials (iliac Golden®)
5	Fawzy El-Sayed et al., 2016 [15]	In vitro	Human	Free gingival collar	Cells were treated with culture containing inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IFN-α	Inflammatory cytokine-treated HGMSCs	-	H-GMSCS	Culture medium
6	Barhanpurkar-Naik et al., 2017 [31]	In vitro and in vivo	Human	Not specified	Cells treated with inflammatory cytokine IL-3	Inflammatory cytokine-treated H-GMSCs	Inflammatory cytokine-treated HBMSCs and H-ADSCs	H-GMSCs; H-BMSCs; H-ADSCs	Culture medium
7	Tomasello et al., 2017 [8]	In vitro	Human	Extraction of third molars for orthodontic reasons	Extraction of periodontally affected molar	I-GMSCs; Inflammatory cytokine-treated IGMSCs	I-DPSCs; Inf. cytokine-treated HDPSCs (in some experiment)	H-GMSCS; H-DPSCs	Culture medium
8	Zhang et al., 2017 [35]	In vitro	Human	Free gingival collar	Cells were treated with IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ	Inflammatory cytokine-treated H-GMSCs	Anti-inflammatory cytokine-treated H-GMSCs	H-GMSCs	Culture medium
9	Jauregui et al., 2018 [33]	In vitro	Human	Extraction of impacted third molars	Flap and osseous surgery in chronic periodontitis	I-GMSCs	_	H-GMSCs	Cells were seeded on electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds
10	Soanca et al., 2018 [32]	In vitro	Human	Teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons	Gingival associated with overhanging posterior restoration	I-GMSCs	_	H-GMSCs	Culture medium
11	Yu et al., 2019 [16]	In vitro & in vivo	Mice	Gingival tissue from maxillary region	Ligature-induced periodontitis in mice	I-GMSCs	_	H-GMSCs	Systematic transplantation of stem cells (tail vein) into dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis
12	Al-Bahrawy et al., 2020 [12]	In vitro	Human	NS; Author reported that discarded gingival sample from healthy gingiva	NS; Author reported that discarded gingival sample from inflamed gingiva	I-GMSCs	_	H-GMSCs	Cells were seeded on perforated collagen-coated poly-tetra-floro-ethylene (PTFE) membrane
13	Cristaldi et al., 2020 [13]	In vitro	Human	Teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons	Extraction of periodontally affected teeth	I-GMSCs	_	H-GMSCs	Cells were seeded on Fisiograft Bone Granular® and Matriderm® scaffolds