Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Roles in Neurological Disorders

Figure 5

MSC-derived exosomes as potential treatment tools for neurological disorders. Exosomes facilitate the functional recovery of neurological conditions by promoting neurogenesis, angiogenesis, BBB integrity, suppressing inflammation, apoptosis, and attenuating disease progression. MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: amyloid β; lncMALAT1: long noncoding RNA MALAT1; SPRED1: sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 1; PIK3R2: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2; PTEN-siRNA: phosphatase and tensin homolog small interfering RNA; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; BBB: blood-brain barrier; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.